A recent variant of the ClearFake malware framework has been identified, leveraging fake reCAPTCHA and Cloudflare Turnstile verifications to deceive users into executing malicious PowerShell code.
This evolution marks a significant shift in how ClearFake exploits Web3 capabilities to deliver malware through compromised websites.
Technical Analysis of the New Variant
ClearFake, first detected in July 2023, initially used a straightforward JavaScript injection technique to trick users into downloading fake browser updates.
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However, by December 2024, it had evolved to incorporate more sophisticated tactics.
The latest variant continues to exploit Web3 by interacting with the Binance Smart Chain, using smart contracts to host and load malicious JavaScript codes.
These interactions involve fingerprinting the victim’s system and downloading encrypted ClickFix lure HTML files, which are then decrypted and displayed to users.
The ClickFix tactic, introduced earlier, deceives users into executing PowerShell scripts by mimicking technical issues or error messages.
The ClearFake framework injects a brief JavaScript code into compromised websites, typically WordPress sites, to load and execute additional code segments from the Binance Smart Chain.
According to Sekoia Blog Report, this initial script uses the web3 library to interact with the blockchain, retrieving next-stage payloads that are obfuscated and stored within smart contracts.
The payloads are compressed with gzip and encoded in base64, requiring decoding and decompression before execution.
The use of smart contracts allows ClearFake to dynamically update its payloads without directly modifying the compromised websites.
Malware Delivery
The malicious framework delivers various malware loaders, including Emmenhtal Loader, which drops Lumma Stealer, and Vidar Stealer.
These loaders are designed to steal sensitive information from infected systems.
The latest variant’s reliance on fake reCAPTCHA and Cloudflare Turnstile verifications adds a layer of social engineering complexity, making it more challenging for users to distinguish legitimate security measures from malicious activities.
This evolution highlights the ongoing threat posed by ClearFake and the need for enhanced cybersecurity measures to protect against such sophisticated malware delivery tactics.
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